LAB 8 : HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Objectives:
1. To record blood pressure at rest, climb up and down stairs and response to cold water by using blood pressure sensor.
2. To provide the reading of tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume and vital capacity from this experiment.
3. To able calculate inspiratory reserve volume, residual volume, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity from the graph result.
Introduction :
Physiology is the study of normal function within living creatures. It is a sub-section of biology, covering a range of topics that include organs, anatomy, cells, biological compounds, and how they all interact to make life possible. From ancient theories to molecular laboratory techniques, physiological research has shaped our understanding of the components of our body, how they communicate, and how they keep us alive.
Merrian-Webster defines physiology as:
"A branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or of living matter (such as organs, tissues, or cells) and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved."
Through a complex multiple control system, the cell of the body and brain can influence the circulatory pattern of blood. Changes in total blood flow are reflected in heart rate and arterial pressure. Blood pressure can easily (through not continuously) be measured. (Continuously measurement requires an arterial needle which is beyond having fun in the lab and must be done by the physician). Systole refers to the contraction of the heart and conventionally systolic arterial pressure is the highest pressure developed in arteries during the ventricular contraction of the cardiac cycle. Diastole refers to a relaxed heart muscle and diastolic pressure has conventionally meant the lowest arterial pressure during a heart cycle. The pulse pressure is related to the amount of blood being pumped per beat. It is the systolic minus the diastolic pressure.
In this experiment, you will examine your blood pressure using the blood pressure sensor provided to you in the laboratory. You will compare blood pressure taken before and after exposure to cold. The cold stimulus activates the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in hemodynamic changes that prepare the body for a "fight or flight" response. The sensitivity of blood pressure to harmful external or internal injuries makes it useful as a vital sign, an indicator of health, disease, excitement and stress.
Material and apparatus :
Blood pressure sensor
Cold water and
Spirometer
Methodology :
A. Blood pressure as a vital sign
1. The subject was asked to sit quietly on a chair with her forearm resting on a table surface and the person who was been tested have to remain calm and static.
2. The blood pressure and the heart rate stated in the Blood Pressure sensor was checked and was written down in a table.
3. Supine (laying on her back) blood pressure and heart rate was checked and written down in a table.
4. Two person were climbed up and down the stairs for three times in five minutes. The blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were taken immediately every 1 minutes up to 5 minutes and was written down in a table.
5. Another two person were placed their hand (the one to which the blood pressure sensor cuff is not attached) into a large container filled with ice water. BP and HR reading was recorded every 30 seconds for 3 minutes.
B. Human respiratory volume
1. Tidal volume (TV)
a. The spirometer dial was set at zero (0). A normal inspection was taken, place the mouth over the mouth-piece, and a normal expiration was exhaled into the spirometer. Make sure to not exceed the normal value.
b. The amount exhale on the dial was read.
c. The respiratory rate per minute was counted by the lab partner by counting the respiratory cycles for 1 minute while seated at rest.
d. The tidal volume was multiplied by respiratory rate per minute to give resting respiratory minute volume.
2. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
a. The spirometer dial was set at zero (0).
b. After a normal expiration, the mouth was placed over the mouth-piece and was forcefully exhaled as much air as possible into the spirometer.
3. Vital Capacity (VC)
a. The spirometer dial was set at zero (0).
b. The air was inhaled as deeply as possible; the mouth was placed over the mouth-piece, the nose was held and was exhaled into the spirometer with a maximal effort.
c. The measurement was repeated 3 times and the largest volume was recorded.
4. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) and Inspiration Capacity (IC)
a. The IRV and IC was calculated from 3 previous volume measurements.
Result :
A. Blood pressure as a vital sign
Table 1. Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Readings
Sytolic Pressure
(mmHg)
|
Diastolic Pressure
(mmHg)
|
Mean arterial
Pressure
(mmHg)
|
Heart rate (beats/min)
| |
Sitting on chair
|
98
|
71
|
80
|
67
|
Supine (laying on back)
|
103
|
55
|
71
|
88
|
Table 2. Blood Pressure and heart rate readings response to climb up and down stairs
Systolic Pressure
(mmHg)
|
Diastolic Pressure
(mmHg)
|
Mean arterial pressure
(mmHg)
|
Heart rate
(beats/min)
| |
Min 1
|
125
|
75
|
91.7
|
76
|
Min 2
|
118
|
62
|
80.6
|
74
|
Min 3
|
109
|
63
|
78.3
|
73
|
Min 4
|
103
|
55
|
71
|
102
|
Min 5
|
113
|
64
|
80.3
|
80
|
Table 3. Blood pressure and heart rate readings response to cold water
Systolic Pressure
(mmHg)
|
Diastolic Pressure
(mmHg)
|
Mean Arterial
(mmHg)
|
Heart rate
(beats/min)
| |
30 second
|
112
|
62
|
78.6
|
84
|
60 second
|
110
|
82
|
91.3
|
83
|
90 second
|
125
|
82
|
96.3
|
85
|
120 second
|
108
|
67
|
80.6
|
81
|
150 second
|
106
|
68
|
80.6
|
78
|
180 second
|
102
|
63
|
76
|
77
|
B. Human Respiratory
Respiratory volumes
|
Value
|
Tidal Volume( TV)
|
1000
|
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
|
3000
|
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
|
2000
|
Residual Volume (RV)
|
1100
|
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
|
6000
|
Vital Capacity (VC)
|
5000
|
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
|
1000
|
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
| 4000 |
Discussion :
A. Blood pressure as a vital sign
The normal body temperature of a person varies depending on gender, recent activity, food and fluid consumption, time of day, and, in women, the stage of the menstrual cycle. Normal body temperature can range from 36.5 to 37.2 degree Celsius for a healthy adults..
The pulse rate is a measurement of the heart rate, or the number of times the heart beats per minute. As the heart pushes blood through the arteries, the arteries expand and contract with the flow of the blood. The normal pulse for healthy adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute. The pulse rate may fluctuate and increase with exercise, illness, injury, and emotions. Females ages 12 and older, in general, tend to have faster heart rates than do males. Athletes, such as runners, who do a lot of cardiovascular conditioning, may have heart rates near 40 beats per minute and experience no problems.
The respiration rate is the number of breaths a person takes per minute. The rate is usually measured when a person is at rest and simply involves counting the number of breaths for one minute by counting how many times the chest rises. Respiration rates may increase with fever, illness, and with other medical conditions. When checking respiration, it is important to also note whether a person has any difficulty breathing. Normal respiration rates for an adult person at rest range from 12 to 16 breaths per minute.
Blood pressure is categorized as normal, elevated, or stage 1 or stage 2 high blood pressure: Normal blood pressure is systolic of less than 120 and diastolic of less than 80 (120/80). Elevated blood pressure is systolic of 120 to 129 and diastolic less than 80. Stage 1 high blood pressure is systolic is 130 to 139 or diastolic between 80 to 89. Stage 2 high blood pressure is when systolic is 140 or higher or the diastolic is 90 or higher.
B. Human respiratory volume
Tidal volume (TV)
The amount of air which enters the lungs during normal inhalation at rest as opposed to exercising. We were sitting normally and breathing quietly then the amount of air breathed in is the tidal volume. The average tidal volume is 500ml.
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
The amount of extra air exhaled (above tidal volume) during a forceful breath out. We breath out normally as we would, then we try and breath out even more until we physically cannot breath out any more air, then this is the expiratory reserve volume.
Vital Capacity (VC)
The most air we can exhale after taking the deepest breath we can. So we breath in as much as we physically can and then measure the amount of air we can breath out then this is known as the vital capacity.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
The amount of extra air inhaled (above tidal volume) during a deep breath. This can be as high as 3000ml.
Inspiration capacity (IC)
This is the vital lung capacity plus the residual volume and is the total amount of air the lungs can hold. The average total lung capacity is 6000ml, although this varies with age, height, sex and health.
Conclusion :
From the experiment, the blood pressure at rest, climb up and down stairs and response to cold water was recorded by using blood pressure sensor. Each activity have a very big different reading of blood pressure where at rest is the lowest blood pressure reading while climb up and down the stairs had the highest reading of blood pressure since it was an active activity to be done compare when rest.
The reading of tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume and vital capacity was easily provided by using spirometer. Then, from the result, a graph was plotted. As a result from the graph, inspiratory reserve volume, residual volume, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity was able to calculate.
References :
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